Contents Preface

Social consequences of changing labour market conditions and undeserved personal virtues. 1 Contents Preface 2 To be young and unemployed-A welfare perspective Ilse Julkunen 4 Labour market politics concerning age and early retirement-The Danish case Anders B. Christensen 19 The established and the outsiders-Aspects of inclusion and exclusion Lars B. Ohlsson 30 Ethnicity as a concept in social work Norma Montesino 35 Social inclusion in post-Fordism Max Koch 44 Equality and pension reform in Sweden Lars Harrysson 55 Motivations, opportunities and constraints-Voluntary labour in women's refuges and crisis centres Lesley McMillan 78 2 Preface In October 2002 an international week was held in Lund, Sweden. It was organised by the School of Social Work at Lund University. The theme was " Age, class, race and sex – Social consequences of changing labour market conditions and undeserved personal virtues. " In the course of five days 20 students met with scholars from five countries and fulfilled some field visits. The following publication is a compilation of the lectures given during the week. The first two chapters concern age, the next two ethnicity, the next two class, and the last one gender. Of course all contributions partly overlaps. In the first chapter Dr. Ilse Julkunen from STAKES in Helsinki, Finland, outlines the situation for unemployed youth. She presents the situation with the help of results from a European research project. Using a framework derived from Williams and Popay (1999) the complex welfare policy situation is discussed on different analytic levels. In the second chapter Senior lecturer Anders Böggild Christensen from the School of Social Work in Århus, Denmark, discuss early retirement and the older population's situation in the labour market. In a well set out argument he is testing if the Danish welfare state is diverging from a social-democratic regime towards a liberal or conservative one viewed in the regime typology presented by Esping-Andersen (1990). In the third chapter Dr. Lars B. highlights the importance of starting within yourself when relating to issues of differences. The concept of Us and Them, discussed with the aid of Elias and Scotson's study " Established and Outsiders " (1965), illustrates how categories in a community occur and prevail. The discussion is followed in chapter four by Dr. Norma Montesino from Malmö University, Sweden. She questions the use of the concept of ethnicity in social work. By referring to scholars as Simmel, Elias, Tilly and Bourdieu …